What is dependency injection, and how is it implemented in .NET?

Understanding Dependency Injection

Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern that implements Inversion of Control (IoC) for resolving dependencies. Instead of creating dependencies inside a class, they are “injected” from the outside, making code more modular, testable, and maintainable.

// Without dependency injection
public class CustomerService
{
    private readonly DatabaseConnection _connection;
    
    public CustomerService()
    {
        // Direct dependency - tightly coupled
        _connection = new DatabaseConnection("connection_string");
    }
}

// With dependency injection
public class CustomerService
{
    private readonly IDatabaseConnection _connection;
    
    public CustomerService(IDatabaseConnection connection)
    {
        // Injected dependency - loosely coupled
        _connection = connection;
    }
}

Benefits of Dependency Injection

Loose coupling: Classes depend on abstractions, not concrete implementations
Testability: Dependencies can be easily mocked for unit testing
Flexibility: Implementations can be swapped without changing dependent code
Lifetime management: The DI container manages object lifetimes
Cross-cutting concerns: Simplifies implementation of logging, caching, etc.

Types of Dependency Injection

1. Constructor Injection

Dependencies are provided through a class constructor.

public class OrderService
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _repository;
    private readonly ILogger<OrderService> _logger;
    
    // Constructor injection
    public OrderService(IOrderRepository repository, ILogger<OrderService> logger)
    {
        _repository = repository;
        _logger = logger;
    }
    
    public Order GetOrder(int id)
    {
        _logger.LogInformation($"Getting order {id}");
        return _repository.GetById(id);
    }
}

2. Property Injection

Dependencies are set through public properties.

public class ProductService
{
    // Property injection
    public IProductRepository Repository { get; set; }
    
    public Product GetProduct(int id)
    {
        if (Repository == null)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Repository is not set");
            
        return Repository.GetById(id);
    }
}

3. Method Injection

Dependencies are provided to specific methods that need them.

public class NotificationService
{
    public void SendNotification(string message, INotificationChannel channel)
    {
        // Method injection
        channel.Send(message);
    }
}

Dependency Injection in .NET Core and .NET 5+

.NET Core and later versions include a built-in DI container in the Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection package.

Setting Up DI in a Console Application

using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var host = Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
            .ConfigureServices((context, services) =>
            {
                // Register services
                services.AddTransient<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();
                services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
                services.AddSingleton<IConfigurationService, ConfigurationService>();
            })
            .Build();
            
        var orderService = host.Services.GetRequiredService<IOrderService>();
        var order = orderService.GetOrder(123);
    }
}

Setting Up DI in ASP.NET Core

// Program.cs in ASP.NET Core 6+
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Register services
builder.Services.AddControllers();
builder.Services.AddTransient<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IConfigurationService, ConfigurationService>();

var app = builder.Build();
app.MapControllers();
app.Run();

Service Lifetimes

.NET’s DI container supports three service lifetimes:

1. Transient

A new instance is created each time the service is requested.

services.AddTransient<IOrderProcessor, OrderProcessor>();

Use for: Lightweight, stateless services.

2. Scoped

A single instance is created per scope (e.g., per HTTP request in web apps).

services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();

Use for: Services that maintain state for the duration of a request.

3. Singleton

A single instance is created for the entire application lifetime.

services.AddSingleton<ICacheService, CacheService>();

Use for: Services that maintain application-wide state.

Dependency Injection Best Practices

1. Depend on Abstractions

// Good: Depending on an interface
public class CustomerService(ICustomerRepository repository)

// Avoid: Depending on concrete implementation
public class CustomerService(SqlCustomerRepository repository)

2. Constructor Injection for Required Dependencies

// Good: Required dependencies in constructor
public class OrderService
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _repository;
    
    public OrderService(IOrderRepository repository)
    {
        _repository = repository ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(repository));
    }
}

3. Avoid Service Locator Pattern

// Avoid: Service locator pattern
public class OrderService
{
    public Order GetOrder(int id)
    {
        // Anti-pattern: resolving dependencies at runtime
        var repository = ServiceLocator.Current.GetInstance<IOrderRepository>();
        return repository.GetById(id);
    }
}

4. Be Mindful of Service Lifetimes

// Potential issue: Singleton depending on scoped service
public class SingletonService
{
    private readonly IScopedService _scopedService;
    
    // This can cause issues because the scoped service
    // will effectively become a singleton
    public SingletonService(IScopedService scopedService)
    {
        _scopedService = scopedService;
    }
}

Advanced DI Features in .NET

1. Factory-Based Services

// Register a factory for creating services
services.AddTransient<IOrderProcessor>(serviceProvider => {
    var logger = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILogger<OrderProcessor>>();
    var repository = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IOrderRepository>();
    return new OrderProcessor(logger, repository, "custom_parameter");
});

2. Named Services with Factory Pattern

// Register multiple implementations
services.AddTransient<SqlOrderRepository>();
services.AddTransient<MongoOrderRepository>();

// Factory to select implementation
services.AddTransient<IOrderRepository>(serviceProvider => {
    var configuration = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IConfiguration>();
    string dbType = configuration["DatabaseType"];
    
    return dbType.ToLower() switch
    {
        "sql" => serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<SqlOrderRepository>(),
        "mongo" => serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<MongoOrderRepository>(),
        _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported database type: {dbType}")
    };
});

3. Decorators

// Register the base implementation
services.AddTransient<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();

// Replace with decorator
services.Decorate<IOrderRepository, CachingOrderRepositoryDecorator>();
services.Decorate<IOrderRepository, LoggingOrderRepositoryDecorator>();

// Implementation of a decorator
public class CachingOrderRepositoryDecorator : IOrderRepository
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _inner;
    private readonly ICache _cache;
    
    public CachingOrderRepositoryDecorator(IOrderRepository inner, ICache cache)
    {
        _inner = inner;
        _cache = cache;
    }
    
    public Order GetById(int id)
    {
        string key = $"order_{id}";
        if (_cache.TryGetValue(key, out Order cachedOrder))
            return cachedOrder;
            
        var order = _inner.GetById(id);
        _cache.Set(key, order);
        return order;
    }
}

Testing with Dependency Injection

// Class to test
public class OrderService
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _repository;
    
    public OrderService(IOrderRepository repository)
    {
        _repository = repository;
    }
    
    public bool PlaceOrder(Order order)
    {
        // Validate order
        if (order.Items.Count == 0)
            return false;
            
        // Save order
        return _repository.Save(order);
    }
}

// Unit test with mocked dependency
[Fact]
public void PlaceOrder_WithEmptyItems_ReturnsFalse()
{
    // Arrange
    var mockRepository = new Mock<IOrderRepository>();
    var service = new OrderService(mockRepository.Object);
    var emptyOrder = new Order { Items = new List<OrderItem>() };
    
    // Act
    bool result = service.PlaceOrder(emptyOrder);
    
    // Assert
    Assert.False(result);
    mockRepository.Verify(r => r.Save(It.IsAny<Order>()), Times.Never);
}

Interview Tips

Define DI clearly: Dependency Injection is a technique where a class receives its dependencies from external sources rather than creating them.
Explain IoC: Mention that DI is an implementation of the Inversion of Control principle, where control over dependencies is inverted.
Highlight benefits: Focus on loose coupling, testability, and maintainability as key benefits.
Know the types: Be able to explain constructor, property, and method injection, and when to use each.
Discuss lifetimes: Explain the differences between transient, scoped, and singleton lifetimes and their appropriate use cases.
Mention built-in container: Note that .NET Core and later versions include a built-in DI container, but also mention that third-party containers like Autofac or Ninject can be used.
Address anti-patterns: Be prepared to discuss service locator pattern and why it’s generally avoided in favor of DI.

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